Coastal Vulnerability Assessment Research Articles

Coastal vulnerability assessment to multi hazards in the exposed coast of Southeastern Coastal Region of Bangladesh

Bangladesh is a maritime nation situated on the northern side of the Bay of Bengal (BoB), blessed with substantial natural resources and opportunities. However, natural disasters and climate-induced hazards are threatening these opportunities as well as destroying the recourses. Coastal vulnerability assessment aids in the prevention of loss of life and resource devastation since it provides forewarning of impending calamitous consequences and facilitates taking mitigative measures. The study has endeavored to make a composite coastal vulnerability index (CVI) for the exposed coast of the southeastern coastal region of Bangladesh, combining physical and social vulnerability indexes using several physical and social parameters. The CVI was developed by using nine physical parameters, namely (a) Coastal Elevation, (b) Coastal Slope, (c) Annual Average Rainfall, (d) Storm Surge Height, (e) Soil Salinity, (f) Average Wind Speed, (g) Rate of SLR, (h) Soil Permeability, (i) Mean Tidal Range and six social parameters namely (a) Literacy rate, (b) Household Structure, (c) Land Use Land Cover (LULC), (d) Population Density (e) Number of Disabled People and (f) Number of Population (Age: <5 & >65). With the aid of field and secondary data, thematic layers of each physical and social parameter were prepared by defining five distinct vulnerability classes (i.e., very high, high, moderate, low, and very low) and assigning vulnerability ranks. The final CVI was estimated using geospatial techniques such as GIS and remote sensing, coupled with Physical Vulnerability Index (PVI) and Social Vulnerability Index (SVI), and relevant values were categorized into five distinct groups as before. The findings show that 25.9% of the exposed coast in the southeast coastal region, which comprises Banshkhali, Chakaria, Maheshkhali, and Cox's Bazar Sadar is high to very high vulnerable to multiple hazards. Comparatively, 28.29% have been classified as moderately vulnerable, and the remaining 45.8% in the areas of Hathazari, Mirsharai, Sitakunda, Sandwip, and Chittagong City (Kotwali), Kutubdia show that they are very low to low vulnerable to such multi-hazards. Based on this vulnerability assessment result, sustainable coastal management policy-making and development planning can be taken to mitigate the risk and loss of the southeastern coastal region due to climatic hazards and natural disasters such as floods and storm surges. The outcome information will also help to make an Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) plan for the proper and sustainable utilization of the coastal resources. Additionally, it will assist as ground information to establish a framework for prioritizing community resilience-building initiatives or developing appropriate adaptation strategies to lower catastrophe risk.

Coastal vulnerability assessment in urban planning: a comparative tool-based selection approach for the Egyptian context

Coastal vulnerability assessment in urban planning: a comparative tool-based selection approach for the Egyptian context

Coastal vulnerability assessment of the West African coast to flooding and erosion

Global coastal areas are at risk due to geomorphological issues, climate change-induced sea-level rise, and increasing human population, settlements, and socioeconomic activities. Here, the study examines the vulnerability of the West African (WA) coast using six satellite-derived geophysical variables and two key socioeconomic parameters as indicators of coastal vulnerability index (CVI). These geophysical and socioeconomic variables are integrated to develop a CVI for the WA coast. Then, the regional hotspots of vulnerability with the main indicators that could influence how the WA coast behaves and can be managed are identified. The results indicate that 64, 17 and 19% of WA coastal areas had high to very high CVI, moderate CVI, and low to very low CVI, respectively. The study reveals that while geophysical variables contribute to coastal vulnerability in WA, socioeconomic factors, particularly high population growth and unsustainable human development at the coast, play a considerably larger role. Some sections of the WA coast are more vulnerable and exposed than others, particularly those in the region's northwestern and Gulf of Guinea regions. Climate change and human presence may amplify the vulnerability in these vulnerable areas in the future. Hence, future coastal economic development plans should be based on a deep understanding of local natural conditions, resource status, and geophysical parameters to prevent negative coastal ecosystem transformation. It is also essential to establish a coastal management plan that would facilitate the development of desired actions and stimulate sustainable management of West African coastal areas.

Coastal Vulnerability Assessment of Kanthi Coast, India by the Geospatial Technology

Since ancient times, most of the world’s civilization flourished along the banks of rivers and the coastal region. So the coastal region plays a vital role for human economic activities as well as their livelihood. The Kanthi coast, the northernmost part of the North Circus coast of India stretches in West Bengal and northern Odisha. The 45 km stretched coast land is associated with a dense population and faces the tropical cyclone emerging from the Bay of Bengal. The prime objective of the paper is to assess the coastal vulnerability of the study area. With the help of several indicators, viz. shoreline change rate, rate of sea level change, slope of the beach, wave height, tidal range, regional elevation, geomorphic features, sediment properties, coastal regulation zone (CRZ) violation ratio, the research work assess the Coastal Vulnerability Zone (CVZ) of the Kanthi Coastal region. The weightage sum method and Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) are being used. From this research work, it has been revealed that the western segment especially, Digha and Shankarpur are experiencing a high vulnerability situation.

Coastal vulnerability assessment for southeast coast of India using Coastal Hazard Wheel

Rapid urbanization coupled with climate change increases the vulnerability of coastal areas to different types of hazards. To understand and assess the vulnerability of the coastal environments, a published methodology Coastal Hazard Wheel (CHW) was adopted for the coastal taluks of Tamil Nadu. This methodology provides information on vulnerability of the coast by five major hazards. They are: Ecosystem Disruption, Gradual Inundation, Saltwater intrusion, Coastal Erosion and Flooding. The vulnerability assessment is carried out based on the datasets namely geomorphology, wave exposure, tidal range, flora/fauna, sediment balance and climate. The coastal regions of Tamil Nadu are evaluated based on the vulnerability severity levels of the hazards. The assessment depicts that 46% of the Tamil Nadu coastline is highly vulnerable to flooding, making flooding the most prevalent coastal hazard. About 10% of the coastal areas have very high vulnerability to saltwater intrusion, 43% of the coastal areas have high vulnerability to erosion, 54% of the coastal areas have high vulnerability to gradual inundation and 58% of the coastal areas are moderately vulnerable to ecosystem disruption. These appraisals are useful to support management decisions at local, regional and national level for the coastal management, mitigation and adaptation in response to climate and sea level change. Four types of ecosystems are based on their habitat type and distribution. They are marine, estuarine, coastal interface and coastal freshwater. The habitats on these ecosystems vary depending on their adaptability. These ecosystems also provide protection to coasts from the effects of climate change. They act as a basin during flooding from high rainfall and storm surges. Carbon sequestered within oceans is called blue carbon. Mangroves and salt marshes act as a reservoir of this carbon. Only 2% of the earth surface is covered by these ecosystems but stores ten times more carbon per unit area than other ecosystems. Non climatic pressure on ecosystems also increases rapidly due to rapid urbanization, industrial and agricultural outlets.

Coastal vulnerability assessment with a hierarchical coastal segments approach

Coastal vulnerability assessment is crucial for the effective planning and management of coastal zones, particularly in the face of climate change and increasing coastal hazards. Currently, there is no universal method to accurately assess coastal vulnerability. Therefore, many coastal vulnerability assessments are based on the combined use of physical and social data, simple models, and expert judgment. In this study, the coastal vulnerability index was evaluated using 13 variables related to the physical and social aspects of Campeche state coastline. In addition to an intervention index was identified based on the physical characteristics of the study area. Finally, using the information from the vulnerability index and the action index, areas were defined as hierarchical coastal segments and classified as low, medium, or high priority depending on the economic activities, population, and natural environments present in the area. The results show the distribution of vulnerability along the coast of Campeche: 24% have low vulnerability, 41% have moderate vulnerability, and 35% have high vulnerability. These highly vulnerable areas are in the south, near Laguna de Terminos, the most important coastal lagoon in Mexico, because of its socioeconomic and environmental relevance. The hierarchical coastal segments allow decisions to be made regarding actions that integrate natural and anthropic elements in a more regional and not only local way. The results are useful for medium and long-term planning and management of coastal zones since they allow the identification of vulnerable areas that require a comprehensive solution to the coastal risks to which they are subject. The applied method has the advantages of being replicable and generating a solid base of applicable knowledge owing to the participation of local and foreign experts.

A multi-hazard framework for coastal vulnerability assessment and climate-change adaptation planning

When compounded by climate change, ecosystem degradation puts coastal communities at increased vulnerability to hazards. However, there have been few quantitative assessments of coastal vulnerability to multiple hazards that synthesize climate scenarios and ecological and demographic characteristics to inform adaptive strategies. This study presents such a framework for assessing coastal vulnerability to sea level rise, storm waves and winds under present and future climate scenarios. As a case study, we applied it to Macao, one of the most densely populated and highly urbanized coastal area in the world. We found 19% of the coastline hosting 349,000 people – distributed primarily along the Macao Peninsula coast – are highly exposed to coastal hazards at present. Almost half of Macao's total coastline with about 121,000 people are protected by natural habitats. The proportion of highly-exposed coastline was estimated to double, and that of highly-threatened population was estimated to increase by 26.9–44.1%, by 2100. Our findings provide insights into the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of coastal vulnerability to multiple hazards and highlight the role played by habitats in shielding coastal communities. The results can inform prioritizing coastal areas for conservative and adaptive strategies, thereby minimizing deleterious development pressures and enhancing the resilience of coastal communities.

Coastal vulnerability assessment along the coast of Kerala, India, based on physical, geological, and socio-economic parameters

The increase in population and rapid economic development activities increase vulnerability along the coastal areas. Coastal zones are among the planet’s most dynamic regions and are susceptible to natural and anthropogenic hazards. To comprehend how risks and hazards are distributed spatially along the coast, coastal vulnerability assessment is crucial. This study aims at identifying the vulnerable zones along the coast of Kerala, India. For this, the coastal vulnerability index (CVI) is calculated by considering the physical, geological, and socio-economic parameters. The physical-geological parameters considered are nearshore bed slope, shoreline change rate, coastal elevation, tidal range, and continental shelf width. The socio-economic parameters include population density, road network, and land use/land cover. Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) is used for obtaining weights for physical-geological and socio-economic parameters. Coastal vulnerability results show that 82.40 km of the coastal stretch has a very high CVI value along the coast of Kerala, accounting for 13.87% of the total coastline. The most vulnerable stretches are along the coast of Kozhikode, Malappuram, Thrissur, Ernakulam, Alappuzha, and Trivandrum districts while Kasargod and Kannur districts have no coastal stretches with very high CVI. High population density, low nearshore bed slope, low coastal elevation, high erosion rates, built-up areas, and roads near to the coastline are some of the factors contributing to very high CVI in coastal districts of Kerala.

Coastal Vulnerability Assessment of Thrace Peninsula: Implications for Climate Change and Sea Level Rise

This study evaluates the susceptibility of the coastal regions on the Thrace Peninsula to sea-level rise (SLR) and the corresponding vulnerability to climate change. To achieve this, a high-resolution digital elevation model with a 5 m granularity was used to apply the Coastal Vulnerability Index, adjusted for region-specific coastal sensitivity factors. Various global mean sea-level rise scenarios were examined for the near-term (2020–2050), mid-term (2050–2100), and long-term (2100–2300) to assess the impact of SLR. The examination of the immediate consequences of SLR on coastal areas included the analysis of land cover characteristics in the near-term. Results indicate that the Thrace Peninsula is highly susceptible to natural and socio-economic hazards caused by SLR. The concentration of population and socio-economic activities in coastal regions is a primary contributing factor to this vulnerability. In addition, hydrodynamic models are used to enhance understanding of the effects of SLR. The study reveals limited preparedness for planned adaptations to SLR in the region. The data highlight the crucial necessity for policymakers, researchers, and stakeholders to collaborate in executing strategic interventions and proactive initiatives. Upholding the ecological, economic, and societal welfare of the Thrace Peninsula, as well as comparable areas, necessitates addressing both the vulnerability and resilience of immediate coastal regions.

Coastal vulnerability assessment using the machine learning tree-based algorithms modeling in the north coast of Java, Indonesia

Coastal vulnerability assessment using the machine learning tree-based algorithms modeling in the north coast of Java, Indonesia

Applying two methodologies of an integrated coastal vulnerability index (ICVI) to future sea-level rise

Climate change is an issue of concern and is expected to cause various adverse impacts on human societies in the near and long-term future. Sea-level rise, which is caused by global warming and melting continental ice sheets, in combination with the rising global population and evolution of human activities in coastal areas, tends to make coastal societies more prone to coastal hazards. The Gulf of Corinth in Greece with its diverse coastal landforms and tectonic complexity makes the region unique when considering an assessment of coastal vulnerability. In this study we apply an Integrated Coastal Vulnerability Index (ICVI) to a potential sea-level rise for the southern coastline of the Gulf of Corinth (Greece) consisting of physical and socio-economic parameters. Among multiple different methodologies that have been developed over the recent years, we decided to apply two of the mathematical approaches we believe are best suited for the protection of human activities in our study area. The first one, ICVI_1, is based on the Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) by Thieler and Hammar-Klose (1999) with variables of equal relative importance, whereas the second one, ICVI_2, uses the Analytic Hierarchic Process (AHP) with the assignment of relative weight values to each parameter. The parameters were identified and ranked into a vulnerability index with a scale from 1 to 5. The results reveal that both approaches depict more or less the same coastal sections of high or very high vulnerability, but differ in the distribution of extreme values. ICVI_1 shows that 18.3% of the total coastline features very high vulnerability (score 5), while ICVI_2 shows 9.1%. The coastal sections with the highest scores of vulnerability are mostly represented in the eastern part of the studied coastline with low-lying regions of gentle slope and concentrated human activity.

Impact of Spatial Segmentation on the Assessment of Coastal Vulnerability—Insights and Practical Recommendations

Coastal areas are dynamic multidimensional systems challenged by the complex interactions between natural, environmental, and human-induced pressures, as well as the ever-changing climate. A comprehensive evaluation of their spatial and temporal features enables the development of effective practices required to apply integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) policies. ICZM seeks to address the vulnerability of coastal areas in an attempt to mitigate their weaknesses and increase their resilience. Hence, coastal vulnerability assessment is a prerequisite to proceed with optimal adaptation or upgrading actions. Currently, assessments are performed by considering different approaches related to dividing coastal areas into segments to observe the spatial variations of vulnerability. The present research seeks to investigate the impact of the spatial segmentation of coastal areas on the assessment of their vulnerability. To achieve this, a case study of the coastal zone of the Municipality of Thebes, located in the Northeastern Corinthian Gulf, Greece, is examined. Five segmentation approaches are applied in terms of a physical-based vulnerability assessment for two different time horizons, (a) the present and (b) the future, by incorporating the climate change impacts. This study allows for optimizing practices to estimate vulnerability parameters and obtain reliable results for practical applications while reducing time-consuming analyses.

Assessment of the integrated coastal vulnerability index of Ghana toward future coastal infrastructure investment plans

Coastal vulnerability assessments are increasingly more important to investigate the exposure of coastal areas to coastal hazards. In recent decades, climate-induced sea-level rise (SLR) and human anthropogenic impacts are exacerbating the frequency and intensity of coastal hazards like storms, coastal erosion and flooding worldwide making coastal vulnerability assessments and coastal adaptation planning a priority. In Ghana, the assessment of the coastal vulnerability index (CVI) during the past decade has been infrequent, site-specific, and not complementary to provide the complete state of national coastal vulnerability during the past decade. This creates uncertainty, with limited information for coastal adaptation planning. To close this gap, we integrated three social variables with six fundamental physical variables to develop an integrated coastal vulnerability index (ICVI) for the coast of Ghana using the analytical hierarchical process (AHP). The ICVI results indicate that 6 coastal districts (18.18%) have very high vulnerability, 10 (30.30%) have high vulnerability, 8(24.24%) have moderate vulnerability, 6(18.18%) have low vulnerability, and 3 (9.09%) have very low coastal vulnerability. Overall, 72% of the coast exhibit moderate to very high coastal vulnerability. The results are significant to update the state of coastal vulnerability and help coastal planners to revise the short, medium, and long-term coastal adaptation policies along the coast of Ghana.

A systematic review of coastal vulnerability assessment methods in the Egyptian context: the case study

ABSTRACT Coastal vulnerability is a multidimensional and vital issue in many parts of the world, as well as in Egypt. Accelerated human activities such as industry growth, tourism, and urbanization in coastal regions, together with climatic stresses – particularly Sea Level Rise (SLR) – have increased the intensity of potential risk. This review article aims to provide a coherent review of the various methods and approaches used in the coastal vulnerability assessment studies for the Egyptian northern Mediterranean coastal region. The PRISMA method was used to review and analyze coastal vulnerability assessment studies of a total of 26 Scopus peer-reviewed documents according to the selected methods, scales, and used variables in the time frame of 2012–2022. This review reveals the gaps of the current research, which are the following: lack of usage of predictive assessment methods, lack of temporal dynamic dimension in the selected methods and variables (present in only 3.8%), lack of local scale assessments (present in only 7.6%), and lack of transparency regarding the rationale for variable selection. Furthermore, the current challenges found in the reviewed coastal vulnerability assessment methods have been discussed to provide a more comprehensive, dynamic approach to assist researchers and coastal planners in preparing and protecting the vulnerable Egyptian northern coastal region.

Shoreline Delineation from Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Imagery for High and Low Tidal States in Data-Deficient Niger Delta Region

Satellite image analysis is a potentially powerful tool for monitoring coastal shoreline positions. This study explores the use of multi-temporal, dual-polarised Sentinel-1 GRD synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery with a spatial resolution of 10 m for delineating shorelines. It was conducted in a data-deficient and complex environment (the Niger delta of Nigeria), in a developing country with a cloud-heavy climate. The study focuses on exploring and testing the capability of using multitemporal waterlines from SAR images to derive shoreline positions at high and low tidal states. From 54 Sentinel-1 images recorded in 2017, the study selected 12 images to represent both high and low tidal states. These were spread across the wet and dry seasons in order to account for seasonal differences. Shoreline positions were obtained by identifying the land–water boundary via segmentation using histogram-minimum thresholding, vectorizing and smoothing that boundary, and averaging its position over multiple waterlines. The land–water segmentation had an overall accuracy of 95–99%. It showed differences between wet and dry season shoreline positions in areas dominated by complex creek networks, but similarities along open coasts. The SAR-derived shorelines deviated from the reference lines by a maximum of 43 m (approximately four pixels), and often less than 10 m (one pixel) in most locations (open coast, estuarine, complex creek networks) at high and low tides, except low tide lines in areas with extensive inter-tidal flats at shorelines 70 m to 370 m from the reference lines. However, for applications such as coastal vulnerability assessment, the high tide shoreline is of greater importance. Thus, depending on the application of interest, problems with low tide shoreline delineation may be irrelevant. Despite limitations, notably the relatively small number of images available that were recorded at high or low tide, the method provides a simple, objective, and cost-effective approach to monitoring shorelines at high and low tide.

Indicator Based Approach and Geospatial Technology for Coastal Vulnerability Assessment along Chennai District Coast, Tamil Nadu State, India

Indicator Based Approach and Geospatial Technology for Coastal Vulnerability Assessment along Chennai District Coast, Tamil Nadu State, India

Assessment of coastal vulnerability using integrated fuzzy analytical hierarchy process and geospatial technology for effective coastal management.

The vulnerability of coastal regions to climate change is a growing global concern, particularly in Bangladesh, which is vulnerable to flooding and storm surges due to its low-lying coastal areas. In this study, we used the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP) method to assess the physical and social vulnerability of the entire coastal areas of Bangladesh, using 10 critical factors to evaluate the coastal vulnerability model (CVM). Our analysis indicates that a significant portion of the coastal regions of Bangladesh is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. We found that one-third of the study area, encompassing around 13,000 km2, was classified as having high or very high coastal vulnerability. Districts in the central delta region, such as Barguna, Bhola, Noakhali, Patuakhali, and Pirojpur, were found to have high to very high physical vulnerability. Meanwhile, the southern parts of the study area were identified as highly socially vulnerable. Our findings also showed that the coastal areas of Patuakhali, Bhola, Barguna, Satkhira, and Bagerhat were particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. The coastal vulnerability map we developed using the FAHP method showed satisfactory modeling, with an AUC of 0.875. By addressing the physical and social vulnerability factors identified in our study, policymakers can take proactive steps to ensure the safety and wellbeing of coastal residents in the face of climate change.

Integrated Coastal Vulnerability Assessment: A Study of Karnataka, India

Coastal regions are changing due to environmental pressures and anthropogenic impacts such as coastal development and planning, ultimately becoming sensitive to unpredicted natural and manmade calamities. The scientific assessment requires an understanding of the relative vulnerability of the coast across a region, and, for this purpose, vulnerability indices are often used. This study is an integrated coastal vulnerability index for the Karnataka coastline, incorporating both physical variables and socio-economic indicators. To study the overall vulnerability of a region at the taluka level using the typical physical variables characterizing coastal vulnerability e.g. historical shoreline change, rate of relative sea-level change, coastal regional elevation, coastal slope, mean tidal range, significant wave height and geomorphology. Physical indicators are then combined with the outcomes of an assessment of socio-economic vulnerability developed using population and tourist density and education as indicators like human development index (HDI), composite taluka development index (CTDI) and urban development index (UDI), resulting in a more holistic assessment of vulnerability. The resulting vulnerability map describes the taluka as most vulnerable to physical indicators and also provides information on the nature of vulnerability in terms of its physical and socio-economic components intending to inform adaptation decision-making.

Coastal vulnerability assessment for the coast of Tamil Nadu, India-a geospatial approach.

A coastal region is a section of land that borders a significant body of water, often the sea or ocean. Despite their productivity, they are sensitive to even little alterations in the outside environment. This study aims to develop a spatial coastal vulnerability index (CVI) map for the Tamil Nadu coast of India, which has diverse coastal and marine environments that are ecologically fragile zones. Climate change is expected to increase the intensity and frequency of severe coastal hazards, such as rising sea levels, cyclones, storm surges, tsunamis, erosion, and accretion, severely impacting local environmental and socio-economic conditions. This research employed expert knowledge, weights, and scores from the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to create vulnerability maps. The process includes the integration of various parameters such as geomorphology, Land use and land cover (LULC), significant wave height (SWH), rate of sea level rise (SLR), shoreline change (SLC), bathymetry, elevation, and coastal inundation. Based on the results, the very low, low, and moderate vulnerability regions comprise 17.26%, 30.77%, and 23.46%, respectively, whereas the high and very high vulnerability regions comprise 18.20% and 10.28%, respectively. The several locations tend to be high and very highdue to land-use patterns and coastal structures, but very few are contributed by geomorphological features. The results are validated by conducting a field survey in a few locations along the coast. Thus, this study establishes a framework for decision-makers to implement climate change adaptation and mitigation actions in coastal zones.

Tide2Topo: A new method for mapping intertidal topography accurately in complex estuaries and bays with time-series Sentinel-2 images

Intertidal zones serve as a critical transition between land and ocean and are periodically inundated by tides. They are extremely important to coastal communities as it provides diverse habitats and buffers against marine hazards. However, the reduced river sediment together with sea level rise and coastal reclamation have caused the widespread loss of intertidal areas. Reliable, high-resolution, and up-to-date intertidal topography maps are key information for coastal vulnerability assessment and restoration. Existing approaches to intertidal topography reconstruction involve significant ground surveys, with limited spatial coverage, accuracy, and efficiency, thus, restricting their potential to generalize globally. To address these issues, we propose a pixel-based approach to construct intertidal topography from dense Sentinel-2 satellite time-series and limited ground truth surveys, named as Tide2Topo. Tide2Topo differs conceptually from the widely used waterline method since it considers tidal inundation frequency as a topographic indicator rather than instantaneous waterlines. Therefore, Tide2Topo does not involve manual selection of images at different tide levels. The relationship between intertidal inundation frequency and elevation is calibrated using linear and polynomial models based on a few transect measurements instead of tidal height, preventing errors introduced by inaccurate tidal data. The proposed Tide2Topo was applied and validated in the UK and China over several complicated estuaries and bays with extensive muddy flats or sandy beaches. The results demonstrated that the topography derived from intertidal inundation frequency compared to LiDAR or UAV photogrammetric observations has a root mean square error ranging from 16 to 38 cm. The large errors were found in the tidal channel areas where the inundation frequency calculation was prone to uncertainty. Dense Sentinel-2 time-series observations ensure finer sampling of the tidal cycle, thereby not only eliminating errors caused by spatial interpolation but also maintaining the accuracy of elevation estimations at pixel level. Tide2Topo is a robust, portable and rapid method that is well suited to large-scale intertidal topography reconstruction. Future work could use Sentinel-1 SAR as an alternative data source for Tide2Topo, realizing seasonal or annual monitoring of intertidal geomorphological changes.